Copyright 2009 Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers This paper was published in Proc. SPIE Vol. 7212, [removed]Feb. 6, 2009) and is made available as an electronic preprint with permission of SPIE. One print or electronic copy may be made for personal use only. Systematic or multiple

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• Noise
• Analog circuits
• Avalanche photodiode
• Johnson–Nyquist noise
• Photodiode
• Current-to-voltage converter
• Amplifier
• Electronic amplifier
• Current source
• Electromagnetism
• Electronics
• Electrical engineering